The Doctor of Medicine (Paediatrics) Programme at The University of the West Indies, Mona at 45 years, 1972-2017 / El programa de Doctor en Medicina (Pediatría) de la Universidad de West Indies, Mona tras 45 Años, 1972-2017

ABSTRACT The Doctor of Medicine (DM) in Paediatrics Programme began in 1972 in Jamaica and was the first four-year clinical residency programme to be offered at The University of the West Indies (UWI). The DM Paediatrics programme trains residents for four-years and equips them after completion to practice as consultant paediatricians. Over the forty-five years of offering this programme, 237 students have been enrolled and 159 students have successfully completed the course. Over ninety per cent of the graduates are Caribbean nationals. Graduates from the DM Paediatrics programme at Mona are currently serving in Jamaica and other Caribbean countries, the United States of America (USA), Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. Approximately, 24% have pursued subspecialty training and 60% work in a hospital-based setting while 30% work in private practice and 27% in academia and research. There are some of these that combine hospital ward work with academia and research. The DM (Paediatrics) Programme at the UWI, Mona, has achieved its mandate of providing paediatricians for Jamaica and the Caribbean and is committed to continue to train paediatricians to meet existing paediatric healthcare needs in Jamaica and the Caribbean.

RESUMEN El Programa de Doctor en Medicina (DM) en Pediatría comenzó en 1972 en Jamaica y fue el primer programa de residencia clínica de cuatro años que se ofreció en la Universidad de West Indies (UWI). El programa DM de Pediatría entrena a los residentes durante cuatro años y los faculta después de su terminación para practicar como pediatras consultores. En los 45 años de este programa, 237 estudiantes han sido matriculados y 159 estudiantes han completado con éxito el curso. Más del 90 por ciento de los graduados son nacionales del Caribe. Los egresados del programa DM de Pediatría de Mona prestan actualmente sus servicios en Jamaica y otros países del Caribe, los Estados Unidos de América (EE. UU.), Canadá, Australia y el Reino Unido. Aproximadamente, el 24% han continuado su formación en subespecialidades; el 60% trabaja en el medio hospitalario, mientras que el 30% trabaja en la práctica privada; y el 27% en la academia y la investigación. Algunos de ellos combinan el trabajo en las salas de hospitales con la academia y la investigación. El programa DM (Pediatría) de UWI, Mona, ha logrado su mandato de proveer pediatras para Jamaica y el Caribe, y se compromete a seguir capacitando a pediatras para que satisfagan las necesidades de salud pediátrica existentes en Jamaica y el Caribe.

The Jamaican fetus: overview of various studies / El feto jamaicano: panorama de varios estudios

OBJECTIVE: To describe a series of studies conducted which investigated maternal nutrition and its effect on birth outcome. METHODS: Seven hundred and twelve women attending their first antenatal clinic visit at the University Hospital of the West Indies were invited to join a prospective study. The women were followed throughout their pregnancies and seen at 14, 17, 20, 25, 30 and 35 weeks gestation. At these visits, the mother's weight, height and triceps skinfold thickness were measured. Abdominal ultrasound was performed to determine placental and fetal growth. Birth and placental weight, head, chest, mid-upper arm and abdominal circumference, crown-rump and crown-heel length were measured. After delivery, mothers and their children were recruited into a longitudinal study of postnatal growth in which blood pressure was measured annually initially and then half yearly from age one year. RESULTS: The interrelationship of first trimester maternal weight, subsequent weight gain in pregnancy, placental weight in early pregnancy and fetal growth were reported. Placental volume was shown to be an earlier predictor of infant size, and placental volume and intrauterine life on birthweight and blood pressure in childhood showed a relationship to blood pressure at two to three years old. The ultrasound derived fetal growth curves for a Jamaican population was created. CONCLUSION: Maternal nutritional status has an important effect on fetal size and birthweight and fetal size has an effect on blood pressure in childhood, suggesting that the initiating events in programming of blood pressure occur early in pregnancy.

OBJETIVO: Describir una serie de estudios encaminados a investigar la nutrición materna y su efecto en el resultado del embarazo. MÉTODOS: Setecientos doce mujeres que asistían a su primera visita de la clínica prenatal en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies, fueron invitados a sumarse a un estudio prospectivo. Se realizó un seguimiento de las mujeres a lo largo de sus embarazos, con visitas en las semanas 14, 17, 20, 25, 30 y 35 de gestación. En estas visitas, se midió el peso, la altura y el grosor del pliegue cutáneo del tríceps. Se les realizó un ultrasonido abdominal con el fin de determinar el crecimiento placentario y fetal. Se midieron el peso al nacer y el peso de la placenta, la cabeza, el pecho, circunferencia del abdomen y la parte media superior del brazo, las longitudes céfalo-caudal y coronilla-talón. Después del parto, las madres y sus niños fueron reclutados para un estudio longitudinal de crecimiento postnatal en el que la presión sanguínea se mide anualmente, inicialmente y luego a mitad de año desde el primer año de edad. RESULTADOS: Se reportó la interrelación del peso materno en el primer semestre, el subsiguiente aumento de peso en el embarazo, el peso de la placenta al inicio del embarazo, y el crecimiento fetal. El volumen de la placenta resultó ser un predictor temprano del tamaño del infante, y el volumen de la placenta y la vida intrauterina en el peso al nacer, y la presión sanguínea en la infancia mostró una relación con la presión sanguínea a los dos hasta los tres años de edad. CONCLUSIÓN: El estado de la nutrición materna tiene un efecto importante en el tamaño del feto y el peso al nacer, y el tamaño del feto tiene un efecto sobre la presión sanguínea en la infancia, lo cual sugiere que los procesos que inician la programación de la presión sanguínea ocurren en una etapa temprana del embarazo.

Pattern of pregnancy weight gain in homozygous sickle cell disease and effect on birth size / Patrones de ganancia de peso gestacional y tamaño al nacer en los casos de anemia de células falciformes

OBJECTIVES: To assess pregnancy weight gain and newborn anthropometry in mothers with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease and normal controls. METHODS: An eleven-year retrospective review at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, revealed 128 singleton deliveries in women with SS disease who were matched by maternal age and birth date with 128 controls with a normal AA phenotype. Restriction to those commencing antenatal care before 16 weeks gestation resulted in the final study group of 80 SS patients and 115 AA controls. Weight and height were measured at first antenatal visit and weight at 20, 25, 30, 35 and 38 weeks gestation. Longitudinal regression used mothers'weight as the outcome, genotype as a predictor and gestational age as a random effect. Regression analyses ofmaternal weight on childhood anthropometry were repeated in separate maternal genotypes. Neonatal indices included gestational age, birthweight, head circumference and crown-heel length. RESULTS: Mothers with SS disease had lower weight and body mass index at first antenatal clinic visit (p < 0.001). Total weight gain was 6.9 kg for SS women and 10.4 kg for AA controls (p < 0.001) and weekly weight gain 0.263 kg (95% CI 0.224, 0.301) and 0.396 kg (95% CI 0.364, 0.427) respectively. A significant relationship occurred between birthweight and maternal weight gain at 25-30 weeks gestation in AA controls but this relationship appears delayed in SS disease. CONCLUSION: Different patterns of maternal weight gain in SS mothers and normal controls may have significance for the lower birthweight in SS mothers.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la ganancia de peso gestacional y la antropometría neonatal en madres con anemia de células falciformes (CF) homocigóticas y en controles normales. MÉTODO: Un examen retrospectivo de once años en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, reveló la ocurrencia de 128 partos únicos (e.d. de un solo bebé) en mujeres con la enfermedad de CF, que fueron comparadas sobre la base de la edad materna y la fecha de nacimiento, con 128 controles de fenotipo AA normal. A partir de restricciones a las gestantes que comenzaron el cuidado prenatal antes de las 16 semanas de gestación, se llegó finalmente al grupo de estudio de 80 pacientes con CF y 115 controles con AA. El peso y la altura se midieron en la primera visita prenatal, y el peso a las 20, 25, 30, 35 y 38 semanas de gestación. La regresión longitudinal usó el peso de las madres como resultado, el genotipo como predictor, y la edad gestacional como efecto aleatorio. Los análisis de la regresión de peso materno sobre la antropometría fueron repetidos en genotipos maternos separados. Los índices neonatales incluyeron la edad gestacional, el peso al nacer y la circunferencia cefálica. RESULTADOS: Las madres con la enfermedad de CF tenían más bajo peso e índice de masa corporal en la primera visita clínica prenatal (p < 0.001). La ganancia de peso total fue 6.9 kg para las mujeres con CF y 10.4 kg para los controles AA (p < 0.001) y la ganancia de peso semanal 0.263 kg (95% CI 0.224-0.301) y 0.396 kg (95% CI 0.364-0.427) respectivamente. Una relación significativa tuvo lugar entre el peso al nacer y la ganancia de peso materna en las semanas 25-30 de gestación en los controles AA, pero esta relación parece demorada en la enfermedad de CF. CONCLUSION: Los patrones diferentes de ganancia de peso materno en las madres con CF y los controles normales, pueden tener importancia significativa para las madres con CF.

Urinary tract infection in neonates with serious bacterial infections admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies / Infección de las vías urinarias en neonatos ingresados con serias infecciones bacterianas en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of urinary tract infection in neonates, with serious bacterial infections, admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies. METHODS: Admission records of all neonates admitted to the neonatal unit of the University Hospital of the West Indies between January 1995 and December 2000 for sepsis evaluation were reviewed. Infants who had positive bacterial cultures were identified using laboratory records. Those satisfying the criteria for urinary tract infection were selected for detailed analysis. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected using a pre-coded questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were performed. RESULTS: Fifty-one (38%) of 135 babies with positive bacterial isolates had confirmed urinary tract infection. Male: female ratio was 6:1. Common presenting features included fever (32%), poor feeding (30%) and irritability (22%). The mean white cell count was 14 ± 6.26. E coli and Klebsiella species were most frequently identified. Factors associated with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection included male gender (p < 0.001), age > 48 hours (p < 0.05) and a presenting complaint of poor feeding (p < 0.003). Imaging studies of the renal tract detected abnormalities in 5 (10.4%) neonates. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary tract infection is an important cause of serious bacterial infection in neonates affecting 1 in 3 babies with proven bacterial infection and may be the first indicator of underlying structural abnormalities. The absence of specific distinguishing clinical features makes it necessary to include urine cultures in the sepsis evaluation of neonates presenting with symptoms suggestive of sepsis.

OBJETIVO: El propósito de este trabajo fue describir la epidemiología de la infección de las vías urinarias en neonatos con serias infecciones bacterianas, ingresados en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies. MÉTODOS: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de todos los neonatos ingresados en la Unidad Neonatal del Hospital Universitario de West Indies entre enero de 1995 y diciembre de 2000 para una evaluación de sepsis. Los infantes que presentaron cultivos bacterianos positivos, fueron identificados usando los registros de laboratorio. Aquellos que satisfacían los criterios de infección de las vías urinarias, fueron seleccionados para un análisis detallado. Se compilaron datos demográficos, clínicos y de laboratorio usando un cuestionario pre-codificado. Se llevaron a cabo análisis descriptivos. RESULTADOS: Cincuenta y uno (38%) de los bebés con aislados bacterianos positivos tuvieron infección confirmada de las vías urinarias. La proporción varón:hembra fue 6:1. Las características comunes que se presentaron, incluyeron fiebre (32%), pobre alimentación (30%) e irritabilidad (22%). El conteo promedio de leucocitos fue 14 ± 6.26. Las especies identificadas con mayor frecuencia fueron E coli y Klebsiella. Los factores asociados con un diagnóstico de la infección de las vías urinarias incluyeron género masculino (p < 0.001), edad > 48 horas (p < 0.05) y quejas en cuanto a pobre alimentación (p < 0.003). Los estudios de imágenes de las vías renales detectaron anormalidades en 5 (10.4%) neonatos. CONCLUSIONES: La infección de las vías urinarias es una causa importante de seria infección bacteriana en neonatos, que afecta a 1 de cada 3 recién nacidos con infección bacteriana demostrada, y puede ser el primer indicador de anormalidades estructurales subyacentes. La ausencia de características clínicas distintivas, hace necesario que se incluyan cultivos de orina en la evaluación de la sepsis en neonatos que se presentan con síntomas que sugieren la presencia de sepsis.

The impact of antenatal care on pregnancy performance between adolescent girls and older women / Impacto del cuidado prenatal en el desenvolvimiento del embarazo entre niñas adolescentes y mujeres mayores

OBJECTIVE: To investigate pregnancy performance and newborn outcome between adolescents and older women receiving adequate and similar antenatal care. METHODS: Four hundred and twenty-five women attending the antenatal clinic at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, participated in a prospective study. Recruitment included women 19 years and younger (adolescents) and 20 years and older (older women). Anthropometric measurements of the women and their newborn were made. During the pregnancy, all admissions to hospital and the diagnoses were recorded. Neonatal admissions were also recorded. RESULT: Three hundred and sixty-one women each (84.9%) delivered a live infant of which 175 (87.5%) women were less than 20 years old and comprised the adolescent group and 186 (82.7%) of these women were 20 years and older and comprised the women in the older age group. Thirty-nine (9.2%) had early pregnancy losses; twelve among the adolescents (6%) and twenty-seven (12%) among the older women (p = 0.03). There was one intrauterine death and one stillbirth in the adolescent group and two intrauterine deaths and no stillbirth in the older group. The attendance rate at the antenatal clinic for both groups was high throughout the study with each group having greater than 96% attendance. There were 53 (26.5%) admissions among the adolescent girls and 70 (31.1%) admissions among the older women. This was not statistically significant. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of urinary tract infections where 17% of the adolescents had a urinary tract infection compared to 1% of older women (p < 0.0001). There was a lower Caesarean section rate among the adolescent. No significant difference between the number of neonatal admissions for the two groups (p = 0.19) was seen. CONCLUSION: This study showed that with similar and adequate antenatal care there were minimal differences in pregnancy performance between the two groups with...

OBJETIVO: Investigar el desempeño del embarazo y el resultado neonatal entre adolescentes y mujeres mayores que reciben cuidado prenatal similar y adecuado. MÉTODOS: Cuatrocientos veinticinco mujeres que asistían a la clínica de atención prenatal en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, participaron en un estudio prospectivo. El reclutamiento incluyó mujeres de 19 años y más jóvenes (adolescentes) y 20 años y mayores (mujeres mayores). Se hicieron mediciones antropométricas de las mujeres y sus recién nacidos. Durante el embarazo, se registraron todos los ingresos al hospital y los diagnósticos. También se registraron los ingresos neonatales. RESULTADO: Trescientos sesenta y uno mujeres (84.9%) dieron a luz a un infante vivo. De ellas, 175 (87.5%) eran menores de 20 años, incluido el grupo de adolescentes, en tanto que 186 (82.7%) tenían 20 años o más, y abarcaban las mujeres en el grupo etario de más edad. Treinta y nueve (9.2%) tuvieron pérdidas de embarazo tempranas - doce de entre las adolescentes (6%) y veintisiete (12%) de entre las mujeres mayores (p = 0.03). Hubo una muerte intrauterina y un parto de mortinato en el grupo de adolescentes, dos muertes intrauterinas y ningún parto de mortinatos en el grupo de más edad. La tasa de asistencia a la clínica de atención prenatal para ambos grupos fue alta a lo largo del estudio, teniendo cada de grupo una asistencia superior al 96%. Hubo 53 (26.5%) ingresos entre las adolescentes y 70 (31.1%) ingresos entre las mujeres de más edad. Esto no fue estadísticamente significativo. Hubo una diferencia significativa en la ocurrencia de infecciones del tracto urinario, donde el 17% de las adolescentes tuvieron una infección del tracto urinario en comparación con el 1% de las mujeres mayores (p < 0.0001). Hubo una proporción de cesáreas menor entre las adolescentes. No se observó diferencia significativa alguna entre el número de ingresos neonatales en los dos grupos (p = 0.19)...

Obstruction of the duodenum by a preduodenal portal vein in situs inversus

Mirror image transposition of abdominal and thoracic viscera is termed situs inversus. Duodenal obstruction in situs inversus is rare. A preduodenal portal vein, though not uncommon in situs inversus, rarely causes duodenal obstruction. Where obstruction by a preduodenal portal vein is diagnosed, a duodeno-duodenostomy is the recommended treatment. A duodenal diaphragm and other more common causes of duodenal obstruction should also be excluded in these patients.

Growth curves for normal Jamaican neonates / Curvas de crecimiento en los neonatos jamaicanos normales

The aim of this study was to provide standards for the assessment of birthweight, head circumference and crown-heel length for normal, singleton newborns of predominantly West African descent. Data were collected for 10 482 or 94of all recorded births in Jamaica during the two-month period September 1 to October 31, 1986. After editing procedures, data were available for 6178 (birthweight), 5975 (head circumference), and 5990 (crown-heel length). The data presented in tables and growth curves include birthweight, head circumference and crown-heel length for males and females separately, for gestational ages 30-43 weeks. Data sets from the University Hospital of the West Indies in 1990 and 1999 were used to explore the possibility of secular change over the period 1986-1999. In conclusion, these ethnic and gender-specific growth curves are based on the most extensive dataset currently available in Jamaica for babies of West African descent.

Predictors of poor outcome in neonates with bacterial sepsis admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies / Predictores de resultados clínicos pobres en recién nacidos con sepsis bacteriana, ingresados en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies

To determine factors that affect outcome in neonates with culture-proven sepsis, the charts of all neonates with culture-proven sepsis admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies between January 1995 and December 2000 were reviewed retrospectively. Neonates who survived without developing any complications (favourable outcome group) were compared with those who died and/or developed severe complications during the course of treatment (poor outcome group). Chi-square tests were done to determine factors associated with poor outcome; univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were also performed. One hundred and thirty-five neonates had culture-proven sepsis, of which 89 (66) were term infants and 46 (34) were preterm. Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. One hundred and twenty-six (93) survived and 9 (7) died. Case fatality rates were higher for premature infants (15) than for term infants (2). Twenty-four (18) of the neonates with culture proven sepsis had a poor outcome. Gram negative organisms accounted for 19 (70) of the cases with poor outcome. Prematurity (p < 0.001), very low birthweight (p < 0.001) and female gender (p < 0.05) were factors associated with poor outcome. Strategies aimed at decreasing morbidity and mortality in neonates with sepsis must include measures that will decrease the incidence of prematurity and low birthweight.

A fin de determinar los factores que afectan la evolución clínica de los recién nacidos con sepsis probada por cultivo, se realizo un estudio retrospectivo de las estadísticas de todos los neonatos con sepsis probada por cultivo, ingresados en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies entre enero de 1995 y diciembre de 2000. Los neonatos que sobrevivieron sin desarrollar complicación alguna (el grupo de resultados clínicos favorables) fueron comparados con los que murieron y/o desarrollaron complicaciones severas durante el curso del tratamiento (el grupo de resultados clínicos pobres). Se realizaron pruebas de chi-cuadrado para determinar los factores asociados con los resultados clínicos pobres. También se llevaron a cabo análisis de regresión logística univariable y multivariable. Ciento treinta y cinco recién nacidos presentaron sepsis probada por cultivo. De ellos, 89 (66%) eran infantes de término y 46 (34%) de pre-término. La proporción varón/hembra fue 1.6:1. Ciento veintiséis (93%) sobrevivieron y 9 (7%) murieron. Las tasas de fatalidades fueron más altas para los infantes prematuros (15%) que para los infantes de término (2%). Veinticuatro (18%) de los neonatos con sepsis probada por cultivo tuvieron resultados clínicos pobres. Organismos gram-negativos fueron la causa de 19 (70%) de los casos con resultado clínico pobre. La prematuridad (p <0.001), el peso extremadamente bajo al nacer (p <0.001) y el sexo femenino (p <0.05) fueron factores asociados con el resultado clínico pobre. Las estrategias dirigidas a disminuir la morbilidad y la mortalidad en los recién nacidos con sepsis tienen que incluir medidas que reduzcan la incidencia de la prematuridad y el bajo peso.

An unusual presentation of group B streptococcal sepsis

This paper describes the devastating outcome of a neonate who presented with severe late onset group B beta-haemolytic streptococcal (GBS) disease. There were extensive infarcts of the brain and gangrene of the toes. The purpose of this report is to alert healthcare workers of the unusual presentation and that fatal late onset group B beta-haemolytic streptococcal disease may occur despite early and effective management

Recent upsurge of tuberculosis in paediatric admissions at the University Hospital of the West Indies

These case reports describe the clinical course of eight children who were admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, between July 2000 and November 2001 because of a diagnosis of tuberculosis. This represented an increase in the incidence of the disease in children at this institution. The purpose of this report is to make healthcare workers aware of the resurgence of tuberculosis. The diagnosis of paediatric tuberculosis is challenging and requires a high index of suspicion in the presence of suggestive clinical and laboratory findings. The diagnosis should not be limited to the immunocompromised patient, as in this report the majority of the patients were HIV negative

Ultrasound derived fetal growth curves for a Jamaican population

The objective of this study was to develop fetal growth curves and percentile growth charts for a Jamaican population. Four hundred and ninety-nine Jamaican women of African origin were enrolled in a prospective study from the antenatal clinic of the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. Serial ultrasound scans were performed between 14 and 37 weeks gestation to measure fetal growth. The ultrasound measurements performed were biparietal diameter, head and abdominal circumference and femoral length. A total of 2574 ultrasound scans were performed on the 499 women (mean 5.2 per woman). From these data, centiles for fetal growth curves for the four fetal measurements were constructed and percentile tables were created for a Jamaican population. Birthweight varies between ethnic groups and, therefore, so must fetal growth rates. At present, fetal growth in Jamaica is assessed using standards which are based on data derived from Caucasian populations. Fetal growth curves using data from this study would more accurately identify a fetus that is at risk and hence, provide information which could improve obstetric care. These new growth curves should provide data, which will improve obstetric decision making

Primary malnutrition. Can we always tell?

Patterns of disease in the English-speaking Caribbean have changed considerably over the past two decades. There has been a decrease in the incidence of common infectious diseases, an increase in the prevalence of chronic non-communicable disorders and an increase in the incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS. However, published estimates suggest that malnutrition continues to be a serious public health problem. It is possible that changing patterns of disease within the epidemiological transition may affect patterns of presentation of severe forms of childhood malnutrition. We have examined records of 435 children admitted to the clinical research ward of the Tropical Metabolism Research Unit (TMRU) from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 1999; among these were 25 children who were subsequently found to have severe childhood malnutrition (SCM) due to a defined medical or surgical disorder (i.e. secondary SCM). Among children with secondary SCM, the HIV/AIDS group was the largest and comprised 60 of these admissions. Regression analyses show that, over the ten-year period, there was a small, non-significant decline in the number of cases of primary SCM (incidence rate ratio, IRR = 0.99, 95 confidence interval = 0.96, 1.02, p = 0.98), while the number of cases of secondary SCM increased (IRR = 1.18, 95 CI = 1.03, 1.35, p = 0.02). These data are indicative of the need for continued vigilance in the evaluation of children who have clinical features of the syndromes of severe malnutrition and draw attention to the potential impact of HIV/AIDS in yet another area of healthcare delivery.

HIV infection seroprevalence and risk factor study among pregnant women attending the Antenatal Clinic at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica

The objectives of this study were to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection among the antenatal clinic population at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI). Pregnant mothers (4186) attending antenatal clinic at the UHWI were screened for HIV infection between September, 1998, and October, 2000. Tests were performed with the use of Abbott enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits for the detection of antibodies to HIV 1 and 2. Demographic characteristics and risk factor assessments were performed using a questionnaire for all positive cases and four randomly selected negative controls matched by age to each positive case. Twenty-one women were found to be HIV positive. Nineteen of these women were not previously aware that they were HIV-positive. The seroprevalence of HIV infection among antenatal mothers was 0.5. The mean age of cases was 29.3 +/- 4.6 years. There was no significant difference between cases and controls with regards to parity, socio-economic status and educational achievement. Women residing in urban Kingston and St Andrew (Odds ratio (OR) 5, 95 confidence interval (CI) 1.4, 18), as well as those with a higher number of lifetime sexual partners (OR 1.42, 95 CI 1.13, 1.79) and those with previous sexually transmitted diseases (OR 3.4, 95 CI 1.1, 10.6) were at greater risk for HIV infection. In contrast, women who commenced coitus at a later age were at less risk of becoming infected (OR 0.79, 95 CI 0.6, 0.97). This study demonstrates a low seroprevalence of HIV in the UHWI antenatal population compared to the reported seroprevalence of 2-8 in pregnant women in Latin America and the Caribbean. The results from this study emphasize the continuing need for voluntary HIV testing and HIV/AIDS educational campaign for this vulnerable group.

The appropriateness of the current antibiotic empiric therapy based on the bacteria isolated from severely malnourished Jamaican children

We performed a retrospective audit of antimicrobial sensitivities of bacteria isolated from children admitted with a diagnosis of malnutrition to the Tropical Metabolism Research Unit (TMRU), University of the West Indies, between January 1995 and December 1999. There were 150 admissions for severe malnutrition to the TMRU during this period, which was approximately 50 fewer than in a previous TMRU study done ten years ago, between 1984 and 1989. In the present study, bacteraemia was documented in 10 of 150 severely malnourished children between 1 and 31 months of age. The most common organisms isolated were coagulase-negative Staphylococci, which represented 40 of the total isolates. The micro-organisms grown were most likely to be sensitive to amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. The current TMRU treatment protocol for severe malnutrition recommends use of crystalline penicillin plus gentamicin as empirical antibiotic therapy. This study has provided valuable information suggesting that the current empiric antibiotic therapy may be inappropriate.

A comparative study of pregnancy outcome in teenage girls and mature women

The objective was to compare the pregnancy outcome of teenage girls and mature women. The design was a retrospective study of births from January to December 1990, based on the antenatal clinic and the labour ward, University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica. Teenage mothers, 13 to 19 years old, and a control group of mothers, 22 to 23 years old, were selected from the records of 2,394 live, singleton births between 200 and 305 days' gestation. The main outcome measures were birth weight, crown heel length, head circumference, head circumference:length ratio, ponderal index and placental weight. The results showed that in the teenage group, weight, body mass index at booking, haemoglobin concentration in each trimester, and minimum haemoglobin level during pregnancy were lower than in the control group. Systolic blood pressure in the first and the second trimesters was lower than in controls, but there was no significant difference in the third trimester nor in the delivery systolic blood pressure. Babies of teenage mothers had lower birth weights and smaller head circumferences than the babies of the control group, but there was no significant difference between the groups in crown heel length, ponderal index, head circumference:length ratio, and placental weight. These data support the hypothesis that teenaged girls are not physically mature and, as a consequence, their offspring have lower birth weights and smaller head circumferences.

Parkinsonian-like tremors in the recovery phase of kwashiorkor

Kwashi shakes is described in a 17-month-old Jamaican male infant. This is the first reported case seen at the Tropical Metabolism Research Unit at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica an the first documented case in the West Indian literature